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chemical functions

QUESTIONS:

1 .- Concept of oxidation states and Valencia.

oxidation state: the sum of positive and negative charges of an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons that the atom has accepted or assigned.

Wikipedia, accessed 04/07/2005, available online at:

es.wikipedia.org / wiki / Estado_de_oxidaci% C3% B3n

Valencia: Define valence of an atom as the number indicating the number of electrons that an atom is sharing, giving or taking in a covalent bond or ionic maintaining one or more other atoms.

wikipedia concept of valence, accessed 07/04/2005, available on the web at:

es.wikipedia.org / wiki / Valencia_ (qu% C3% ADmica)

2 .- MAIN METAL OXIDATION STATES and nonmetals.

OXIDATION STATES OF METALS:

Transition metals in varying states of oxidation compounds in the figure shows oxidation states of the first series from scandium to copper being the common oxidation states for each element can be +2, +3 or both the first (+2) tends to be more stable at the end of the series, while the latter (+3) is more stable at the beginning

The maximum oxidation state transition metal is +7 which is the case of manganese (4s23d5). For items that are on your right (Fe Co), the oxidation number is smaller. Transition metals usually presentansus maximum oxidation states in compounds with highly electronegative elements like oxygen and fluorine, such as V2O5, CrO3, and Mn2O7

Sc Ti

		V	Cr	Mn	Fe	Co	Ni	Cu
				+7
			+6	+6	+6
		+5	+5	+5	+5	+5
	+4	+4	+4	+4	+4	+4	+4
+3	+3	+3	+3		+3	+3	+3	+3
	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2	+2
								+1

Monographs, accessed 06/07/2005, available on the web at:
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/metdetr/metdetr.shtml # STATES

STATE OXIDATION OF NON-METALS:

3 .- CONCEPT CHEMICAL FUNCTION

* function is called chemistry to all properties common to a number of similar compounds.

Rincondelvago, concept of chemical function, accessed 07/04/1905, available online at: http://html.rincondelvago.com/funcion-quimica.html

* chemical function is called a joint of compounds having similar properties and are characterized by their functional group.

anonymous concept of chemical function, accessed 07/04/1905, available on the web at: http://csfa.biz/html/images/introduccion.doc?POSTNUKESID=d2d4fac3e5fca6f3c73976f4f7059c6c

4 .- CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC CHEMICAL FUNCIOJNES

MAJOR FUNCTION: o also called fundamental function is the hydrocarbon, which is the parent function derived from all the others, confromada by carbon and hydrogen.

DERIVATIVE FUNCTION: those that derive from the fundamental and fall in OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND HALOGENATED.

Anonymous, inorganic chemical classes of functions, visited on 07.05.2005, available on the web at: http://csfa.biz/html/images/introduccion.doc?POSTNUKESID=d2d4fac3e5fca6f3c73976f4f7059c6c

5 .- TYPES NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICALS.

* Classic * Stock * Iupac

maloloeninsten, types of classification, accessed 07/04/1905, available on the web at:

http://www.maloloeinstein.com/Física% 20Química/tEORIA/4eso/Formulación% 20and%

20iInorgánica.pdf

6 .- AS OXIDES FORMED. CLASS.

is formed when a metal combines with oxygen by placing the symbol of metal. Oxides

basic metallic element oxides

acids: non-metallic element

Alejandra Chavez, metal forming and classes , Viewed 07/05/2005, available online at: # POT http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/propmet/propmet.shtml

7 .- EXAMPLES OF THE KINDS OF OXIDES. ALL considred oxidation states: FORMULAS AND NAMES. EXAMPLES OF BASIC OXIDES:

Example basic oxides with oxidation state +1:
command

metal oxygen + K +1 + O-2 = K2O
Na-2 +1 + O = Na2O Example basic oxides with oxidation state +2: Mg +2 +
O-2 = MgO
Ca +2 + O-2 = CaO
Example basic oxides with oxidation state +3:
Al +3 + O-2 = Al3O2
Ga +3 + O-2 = Ga3O2

8 .- REGARD TO EXPLAIN ALL THE METAL PEROXIDES.

9 .- AS ARE THE HYDROXIDES.

A basic oxide reacts with water to give a new substance called HYDROXIDE or BASE.

Example: Na2O + H2O ----------- Na (OH)

10. EXAMPLES OF HYDROXIDES. CONSIDERING ALL STATES AND NOMENCLATURE OXIDACIÓN.FORMULACIÓN

FORMULATION:

formed when hydrogen combines with a metal.

LiOH	Lithium Hydroxide
Ba (OH) 2	Barium hydroxide
Fe (OH) 3	hydroxide hierro (III)
Cr (OH) 3	hydroxide of chromium (III)
Al (OH) 3	Hydroxide aluminum

NOMENCLATURE:

Traditional: Stock

IUPAC Systematic or

11. MAKING METAL HYDRIDES AND NOMENCLATURE

FORMULATION: They are formed when hydrogen combines with a metal.

NOMENCLATURE: Traditional:

Hydride (name of metal) +-bear-ico.

Stock: Hydride (name of metal) (Roman numerals and valence brackets)

Systematic, IUPAC: (prefix) + hydride + (prefix) + ((name of metal)

12. NO METAL HYDRIDES FORMULATION AND CLASSIFICATION DEVELOPMENT: When hydrogen combines with a metal. NOMENCLATURE:

NO METAL HYDRIDES Among the most important are those
obtained from the reaction of hydrogen with a halogen or sulfur, sulfur
being both as halogens with its lower oxidation state,
gaseous products: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, etc.

HALOGEN	+	HYDROGEN		NO METAL HYDRIDE
or sulfur

HF

F 2	+	H 2
fluoride		hydrogen		hydrogen fluoride

Cl 2	+	H 2		HCl
chlorine		hydrogen		hydrogen chloride

Br 2	+	H 2		HBr
bromine		hydrogen		hydrogen bromide

I 2	+	H 2		HI
iodine		hydrogenous		urinary iodine hidrogen

S	+	H 2		H 2 S
sulfur		hydrogen		hydrogen sulfide

These

NO METAL HYDRIDES obtained from the halogens and sulfur, are gaseous compounds.

CLASSIFICATION OF METAL HYDRIDES
was preceded by the phrase "HYDRIDE" the name of METAL.
Example:

NaH Sodium Hydride Hydride barium
BaH2

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRIDES NO METAL

Add the ending "URO" the name of NO METAL, followed by the phrase "HYDROGEN"
Example:

HF hydrogen fluoride hydride
of the most important non-metallic are: HF

Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen chloride HCl


Hydrogen bromide HBr HI


hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide H2S

FortuneCity, nomenclature, accessed 07/06/2005 is available online at:

http://www.fortunecity.com/campus/dawson/196/nomenc.htm